Research: Critical Thinking and Argument

Leslie Winkle Nicole Fewins March 15, 2010 Case 3 1) Why is it important for your research investigation that you be critical when reviewing the literature? It is important to be critical when reviewing literature in order to find information that is going to be useful for the argument. Being critical of the information and different pieces of literature that you find is going to be the key to becoming educated on the topic and will help to develop a well rounded understanding of the information. Finding well researched documents will also help in the development of the research question.By finding several sources of literature to be reviewed, the writer will be able to support his or her argument more effectively because they will have more evidence to support their argument. 2) What might Sarah’s project tutor mean by suggesting that a critical literature review should be ‘balanced’? Sarah’s project tutor wants her to have a balanced literature review. Wh en referring to a ‘balanced’ literature review, he means that the final project should show both sides of the argument to a certain degree. There is not a way to discuss a topic critically and have it be only a one sided argument.The writer, in this case Sarah, needs to show the alternative side to her argument, and why some may believe that she is not correct. By being able to challenge the argument and still prove why her argument is a better solution her paper will be more persuasive. 3) What does Sarah need to do to develop a literature review which is sufficiently critical, yet also sufficiently balanced? Sarah’s research needs to be critical to help prove her argument. It also has to be balanced in a way that does not confuse the reader of what her argument is.Sometimes balanced literature reviews do not sufficiently support the argument. Instead, they merely discuss the pros and cons of the issue. Sarah’s first two drafts of her literature review we re not balanced. The first one did not show the alternative to her argument. And the second draft was too critical, in that it did not prove her argument. A balanced piece of work will highlight reasons that support the question or thesis, while still showing alternatives to the argument. This shows both sides of the argument while emphasizing reasons why the writer’s opinion is the optimal one.

LA Heroic Essay

Take Percy Jackson, a fictional character from The Lightning Thief for example. He went on a dangerous quest and risked his life to save his mother. Throughout his journey he saved many others along the way, an example is that he saved a family on the arch from a chimera by jumping into the river below not knowing whether he would survive the jump or not. He also protected his friend from the Minotaur by jumping on its back and breaking of its horn then stabbing it with its own horn. Percy made a cautious choice and an act of selflessness in all three occasions.He values his mom and his friend's life over his own because of love. He sacrifices his life for the family because of altruism. Percy demonstrated the character of a hero. Yes, it is easy for Percy Jackson to perform one heroic act after another through a stroke Of a pen. However, the characteristic of heroism does not change between fictional and non-fictional situation. Take Walter Leers, a real life hero for example. He se rved in the army during WWW II. He was awarded the Medal of Honor for risking his life to protect his squad.He single handedly took out two machine gun nests and seven enemy soldiers. Leers also risked his life drawing enemy fire so his men could escape; he took a sniper bullet through his side, which went through his rib and backpack during the process. Walter Leers chose to risk himself for the lives of many so that the nation can enjoy the freedom that so many heroes have fought and given their lives to protect. Walter acted on a decision of self-sacrifice to protect his squad. As mentioned earlier, heroism comes in all forms and ages.Tyler Donna is an example of such. Tyler Donna, an 8-year-old who rescued six relatives from a fire including two younger children. But he died trying to save his disabled grandfather. Even though his aunt was holding him back, he broke free from her grip and went back into the blazing fire just so he could save his grandfather. He even called 911 r ight away when he saw the fire, he did everything he could do to make sure everyone was okay and ended up dying trying to save everyone. Tyler did not need a cape or super power to do what he did.All it took was his courage to make the choice that he thought was worth his life. So what is the meaning of hero? Walter Leers and Tyler Donna symbolize the meaning of hero. Their courage to choose and act selflessly for the betterment of the greater good surround us every day and everywhere; from the firefighters, to the soldiers, to the scientists and to those who work tirelessly behind the scene making that very same decision to dedicate their life to the greater good, live and breath the meaning of a hero. Work Cited Fayette, Chris.

How Will E-Books Affect The Future of Learning Essay

How Will E-Books Affect The Future of Learning - Essay Example The questions would pertain to its impact on the publishers, its impact on the level of reading, the life span of a particular piece of work and various other questions which come to mind naturally. With transition from existing form of book reading to the digital means, there is a need for preserving the large amount of text that is being written over centuries that pertains to the cultural values, the pre historic times, stages of mankind’s progress to modern day and all other important pieces of writing. Such factors must be taken into account and proper working and bodies should be constituted to ensure no work of literature and history is lost in pursuit of modern trends and transition. It’s possible impact on the artists, poets, and other literature associated personnel must be taken into account since transition in that domain may not be as easy, as it might appear in the context of science and technology. A salient feature of electronic reading is in form of the dictionaries, nearly all electronic reading devices come up with dictionaries. In past, the readers had to carry separate book in form of dictionary for purpose of finding their meanings. Dictionaries come in form of softwares which are mere few mega bytes in space. The new form of book readings makes reading far easy. It enables the access to any book online without waiting to go to the stores which might be away from a particular station. Websites like Amazon and few others are the foundation brick towards it since they are the world’s largest online books domains .large amount of customers ranging in millions are registered over the website, which speaks of the popularity and increase in trend of e book reading. Electronic books will be available on the mobile phones, special electronic reading devices, laptops, and other gadgets, hence the domain of reading and its access becomes broad and would spread at a faster rate compared to the conventional form of reading that ex isted in past(Adams & Hamm, 2005). The large amount of hand held devices specifically made for online book reading are promoting this trend further. With gadgets like I-pad and Amazon Kindle easily available in market and having staggeringly positive outcomes from its sales, one can predict the future to be purely dominated by electronic books. The e-books will have an advantage over the conventional form of books in many aspects, which not only includes the price, but also the spacing consideration, the ease of access, and various other features. A small but intriguing feature of the e books is the illumination independence. While reading the conventional hard form of book requires illumination in the background, the electronic books can be read even in absence of light in the background since the source of electronic book, which are mostly the handheld devices and e-readers, provide light in itself. The electronic book concept gives rise to the virtual institutes and that we alrea dy see being implemented across the world in various forms of data bases and online learning centers. It will wash out the limits defined by boundaries and will enable any piece of work to be read and accessed by a person sitting in other corner of the world million miles in distance. Electronic books

Nursing Contribution to Patient Recovery from Anesthesia Essay

Nursing Contribution to Patient Recovery from Anesthesia - Essay Example According to the report  general anesthesia is known to significantly affect the behavioral responses of individuals which are considered as imperative in normal thermoregulation such as shivering or vasoconstriction. This occurs due to the combination of drugs administered during anesthesia which affects the anaesthetized patients by hampering their ability to respond to the degree or extent of pain suffered by them. Pain assessment tools are particularly useful in cases of assessing the extent and degree of pain in highly complicated and chronic illnesses such as cancer. Poorly managed pain attracts the risk of legal action among clinicians and results in a series of psychological responses such as anxiety and depression among the patients and their families. Pain is reportedly inadequately managed and continues to be so in various hospitals across the U.S.  From this study it is clear that  the patients, who care still under the influence of anesthesia and under recovery, ar e required to be transferred to the post anesthesia care unit, more popularly referred to as the PACU. The nurses in charge of the patients are required to review all the vital information related to the patients and conduct an immediate assessment. The patients are expected to be cared for by the nurses until they have completely recovered from the effects of anesthesia and their health is stabilized as is indicated by the effective resumption of their sensory functions and vital signs.... As per the post operation instructions, the anesthetist handed over the drugs used in theatre and then the scrub nurse briefed me on the progress of Ben. General anesthesia is known to significantly affect the behavioral responses of individuals which are considered as imperative in normal thermoregulation such as shivering or vasoconstriction. This occurs due to the combination of drugs administered during anesthesia which affects the anaesthetized patients by hampering their ability to respond to the degree or extent of pain suffered by them (Woodhead and Wicker, 2005). Pain assessment tools are particularly useful in cases of assessing the extent and degree of pain in highly complicated and chronic illnesses such as cancer (Breivik et al, 2008). Poorly managed pain attracts the risk of legal action among clinicians and results in a series of psychological responses such as anxiety and depression among the patients and their families. Pain is reportedly inadequately managed and con tinues to be so in various hospitals across the U.S. The under treatment of pain is one of the key concerns among the healthcare providers. Statistics suggest that almost eighty per cent of surgical patients in the U.S. reported to have experienced varying degrees of pain, ranging from moderate to severe, post surgery. This included patients of chronic illnesses such as cancer as well as elderly patients (Hughes, 2008). From the response that Ben provided, I inferred that he had only minimal pain. This is because Ben provided scores of zero to 3 and not more than that. I went ahead and performed a comprehensive examination using the ABCDE approach. The second goal is to disintegrate as much as possible the otherwise complex

Human Resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 5

Human Resource Management - Essay Example They have therefore devised innovative human resource management practices that empower workers to make decisions on matters that affect them. As a result, employee involvement and participation has become the central pillar of HRM. Employee participation and involvement (EIP) are often used interchangeably but as Hyman and Mason (1995) puts it; the two concepts have different meanings. Participation efforts are achieved through a legal framework designed by the government to enable employees to have a voice although at times they may exist in absence of such legislations like in Japan. On the other hand, involvement mechanisms are initiated by the management to enable them cope with the challenges of today’s economic climate. For the sake of this paper the two concepts will be used interchangeably since there is a very thin line between involvement and participation. The choice of the mechanism is determined by the political, social and economic conditions of the country and organization for which it is designed. Recently, there have been changes in the legal climate due to European Union initiatives aimed at improving working conditions and standards of living thereby initiating various participation mechanisms such as consultations (Knudsen, 1995). The paper will discuss the extent to which EIP initiatives have been a success. Definitions Employee involvement and participation can be defined as efforts geared towards empowering employees to influence decisions on matters that affect them by pushing responsibility for decisions down the organization hierarchy. The role of the employer in decision making process thus declines while that of the employee increases (Heathfield, 2011). This is done with the belief that by empowering employees, they will have a sense of ownership and hence gain morale, job satisfaction and commitment to organization goals. It is also believed that job satisfaction and commitment lead to improved retention as well attraction of the best talent in the labour market thereby achieving a sustained competitive advantage. Furthermore, the management requires to make quality decisions and this is enhanced by input from the workforce (Gennard & Judge, 2005). Participatory activities are also aimed at complying with legal requirements and in Europe it has led to increased role for trade unions. Historical Background Management efforts to improve productivity and efficiency began decades ago with the advent of scientific management systems advanced by Taylor and Ford. They believed that division of labour was the key to organization effectiveness and efficiency. Taylor thus concentrated on how to get most work done by analysing all tasks and designing jobs to eliminate wasted time. He ensured maximum job fragmentation and minimisation of skill requirements; employees were considered as stupid hence not able to make decisions (Bratton & Gold, 2001). Ford on the other hand, introduced assembly line method of produc tion which entailed short-cycles and standardization of commodities and processes. The division of labour led to monotony and boredom, job dissatisfaction, high absenteeism and turnover as well as increased costs in terms of monitoring and cooperation costs. This led to pressure for better methods of management by the human relations movement. The human

The Politics of Public-Private Partnerships Literature review

The Politics of Public-Private Partnerships - Literature review Example The validity of his argument regarding the associated costs of PPPs is the essential point presented in this paper. Flinders’ major argument The article â€Å"The Politics of Public-Private Partnerships† is a particular argument that presents PPPs as potential factors that provide the opportunity for political issues and tensions to proliferate in the government (Flinders, 2005). According to Flinders, political issues and tensions are largely been overlooked, which may be eventually observed from the point of view of efficiency, risk, complexity, accountability and governance and the future of state projects. Through PPP, efficiency gains and service improvements in some policy areas may be observed, but based on the thoughts of Flinders these also have corresponding political and democratic costs. In other words, PPPs may have provided significant benefits at some point, but on the other hand, these can only be generated with substantial political and democratic costs . For Flinders, short-term benefits linked to PPPs may be outweighed by the long-term problems. Therefore, it emphasises more of the probable threats or risks. Thus, Flinders adopted the definition of PPP as a risk-sharing relationship existing between the public and private sectors just to result to the desired public policy outcome. In order to explicate this point, Flinders was able to subdivide his arguments into various sections. The first section deals with the Labour government’s approach to public sector reform since May 1, 1997. In the second section, the author examines Public Interest Companies (PICs) prior to a more detailed analysis of the Private Finance Initiative (PFI) in the UK. The third section introduces the framework to elaborate the idea of the political issues and debates around PPPs. Then finally, the last section provides information concerning the reasons why the government may commit to PPPs. Central to the idea concerning the first section is the p revailing diverse models of service delivery that the public and private sectors implemented. This at some point, according to Flinders provided the opportunity to the birth of political administrative perspective. The second section tries to enhance the idea of ‘back-door privitisation’ which may have potentially evolved from PICs down to PFI. In this case, various political concerns surfaced and the issue was far from monetary consideration. The third section introduces some relevant themes surrounding PPPs in the UK. Based on the argument of Flinders, these themes may have substantially provide opportunity for the public sectors to be served, but the bottom line of these themes may provide implication for the advantage only of the few and not the majority. The fourth section is a significant confirmation of the elemental drawbacks linked to controversial PFI deals. However, the government seems to have no other choice, but to continuously rely on the private sectors in the future to provide public services resulting to partnerships with associated political challenges. It is now important to consider some remarkable insights regarding the stand of Flinders on PPPs. Key insights In this section, the work at hand presents the key insights into the relationship between government and business based on the relevant points from the article. One major insight that can be generated from the article includes the point that the government is

Economical History (Macroeconomics) of South Africa Essay

Economical History (Macroeconomics) of South Africa - Essay Example Though the country is not well endowed with good farming land, it exports products like sugar cane, wheat and corn. Farmers also raise sheep, cattle and pigs for food and other products (Ross, 2008). Until the world financial that affected the country in 2008, the country economic progress has been stable and remarkable. For example from the graph, south Africa GDP rose by 3.7% in 2002. This has been attributed to the conducive environment which prevailed due to continuous economic growth. The economy has been improving since the adoption of democracy (Feinstein, 2005). In 2003, the GDP increased to 4.9%. This was due to macroeconomics reforms that were initiated by the government. These reforms boosted competitiveness thus enhancing the development of the economy. The implementation of these reforms created job opportunities in the country thus opening South Africa to the international markets (Feinstein, 2005). Deterioration in the country economy, has led to budget imbalance in South Africa. The situation has been improving, and in 2005, the deficits dropped dramatically to 0.5% of the total GDP. This can linked to the government policies to reduce taxes, cut tariffs and curbing inflation. All these measures allowed a relaxed exchange control in the country (Feinstein, 2005). This has led to the development of a rock solid macroeconomic framework that has seen the decline in the budgets deficits to its lowest in 2005. GDP declined in 2008, thus causing economic recession in the whole country. The main cause of this was the global economic crisis that affected the country. The crisis had a tremendous effect on the international market. South Africa export decreased as the global market deteriorated due to this crisis (Ross, 2008).As a result; this led to rapid decline in the country’s GDP. Exchange rate mostly affects the economy of a given country by changing the price of exchanging with other

2000 word essay which explores the concept of evidence based practice

2000 word which explores the concept of evidence based practice and evaluates its relavance and contribution to practice - Essay Example For instance, depression (American Psychiatric Association, 2000; Lowe, et al 2001) and anxiety disorders (American Psychiatric Association; 2000), particularly obsessive compulsive disorder (Halmi et al., 2003), are among the comorbid conditions found in people with eating disorders. In adolescent-onset anorexia, depression appears to be triggered by the eating disorder, and the individual is put at risk for experiencing future depressive episodes (Ivarsson et al, 2000). Although anorexia affects persons of all ages, adolescence appears to be the developmental period of particular significance in the etiology of eating disorders; hence, identification and clinical intervention during this stage are crucial. This paper aims to synthesise and critically analyse the existing research on the treatment of anorexia nervosa in adolescence from the perspective of evidence based practice, more particularly family therapy systems approach. The term â€Å"evidence-based† is prevalent within the health care setting today. If there is any doubt, a quick glance at the current medical and allied health research literature would remove it. Medical doctors, physical therapists, occupational therapists, speech-language pathologists, music therapists, and many others, have begun to describe their treatment interventions as evidence-based. As with most established theories and concepts, the thoughts and beliefs behind evidence-based medicine have been traced by some to practices of ancient cultures throughout history (Sackett et al, 1996). However, most authors on the subject will credit Archie Cochrane, Scottish epidemiologist, with developing the modern concept behind evidence-based medicine, which was made popular through his landmark text Effectiveness and Efficiency: Random Reflections on Health Services (White, 1997). The most widely known and commonly quoted definition of evidence-based

ASEAN Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

ASEAN - Essay Example ASEAN has made exemplary pursuit in achieving this objective for the South East Asian countries. The achievement of ASEAN in this region is commendable. There are various challenges that this organization faces in maintaining its principle objective of economic strength, peace and security of the region.. In the forthcoming years, it is imperative that ASEAN strengthens its political-security support system due to the increasing threat of international terrorism that may prevail in this region. This is imperative to attain and sustain its primary goal. Association of south East Asian nations or ASEAN consists of the countries from the south East Asian region that work towards mutual economic progress. It can be defined as an organization for cooperation on security and economic concerns. [Mead, ,n. d, 207] The creators of the Association of South East Asian Nations – ASEAN, visualized it as ultimately assembling all the nations of the region and managing them to lend a hand in assuring the peace, permanence and growth of the area. While the area was in a state of turmoil, a lot of nations were under pressure for the existence of the nation or autonomy. First of all the five founding states had planned that ASEAN will be, in keeping with its abbreviation distinctly suggesting a unity of South East Asian countries working together willingly for the mutual betterment. The basic objective of the organization was tranquility, financial, societal and cultural progress, and the perception being: with tranquility in the area, stabi lity will not be far behind that would result in the financial affluence of the population in the area. It was not destined to be a supranational identity, discharging its objectives discretionally of its member nations: It was not to have any regional parliament or authority to frame regulations; devoid of a judicial system and having no authority of executing powers. United

Creating a Business & capitalism Doubled spaced that equals five pages Essay

Creating a Business & capitalism Doubled spaced that equals five pages - Essay Example This research paper focuses on capitalism as an economic system and its effects. The types of capitalism and their advantages are also tackled in this document. As a business owner-owning a beauty parlor, critical analysis of how I can use my privately owned business and utilize capitalism to make the world a better place is discussed in details. Also, contained in this paper are the possible disadvantages of capitalists in case it is inappropriately practiced. Capitalism is an industrial term used to describe an economic system in which the centers of production, trade and industry are owned and operated by private individuals and not the state. All business operations regarding production, distribution and management are entirely carried out by individuals and private sectors. In capitalism systems, the government’s role is the provision of security, both internally and externally and solving disputes through a court of justice in the case of any disagreements in business terms. Other business activities including price determination of goods and services are typically determined by parties involved in the transactions. The degree of capitalism varies from state to state depending on the laws and regulations of the country. There are different types of capitalism. The existence of capitalism varies according to the region or country’s economic policies. Types of capitalism include mercantilism, free-market economy, social-market economy, state capitalism where the state is in power of production and distribution of goods and services for profit-making purposes, corporate capitalism and mixed economy. There are other minor variants of capitalism including crony capitalism. Crony capitalism describes a type of economy in which the success of a business lies in the relationship between business owners and governmental officials. Crony capitalism

Ptsd Paper Essay Example for Free

Ptsd Paper Essay Trauma, and People Kacie D. Buchanan COM/156 April 12, 2013 It has been estimated, from Michelle Rosenthal (2012), that 70% of all U. S. citizens experience some type of trauma in their life and an estimated 8% have PTSD. War veteran diagnosed PTSD have jumped up 50% in 2012, and 1 out of every five veterans that return from Irag are diagnosed with this disorder. It is sad to think of the children that go through trauma, but an estimated 15-43% of girls and 14-43% of boys will experience a traumatic event. As many as 30- 60% of these children will go through the trauma and come out with PTSD. Personal doubt has lead me to try to figure out how this disorder comes about, and if there is a way an individual can be misdiagnosed. There are many reasons an individual may have PTSD, its finding the trauma and the cause so you can then find a cure. For as long as we can remember there have been stories about the trauma that war veterans go through daily, they relive the trauma, and it can bring on PTSD. Post-traumatic stress syndrome in war veterans is very different than the trauma anyone else can go through, it is harder for them to cope with because of the level of trauma they have been through. Christine Stephens, Nigel Long, and Ross Flett (1998) had done a New Zealand study of 527 working police officers were given the PTSD test to show there results, their results were that police officers with military combat backgrounds had some of the highest test results of anyone tested. These victims of war have to relive the nightmare every time they hear a loud crash, bang, or pop they feel like they have to run for cover or hide because that fear has been put into their minds that if they do not save themselves they will die. In most cases military personnel have come home and have shown no sign of PTSD and passed all tests with a negative result for the disorder, it was six months to a year later that the individuals start to experience signs and symptoms of PTSD. These tests can include an officer sitting in front of a computer screen with random flashes of picture’s, there are children,  dogs sniffing blood, soldiers cowering in fear, and death. The doctor monitors stress levels and how many times the officer blinks and from that can see if the officer will most likely develop PTSD, because after all this is just a theory for military doctors trying to help soldier. Right now, we cant determine with certainty who will and who wont develop PTSD, said P aula Schnurr (2009), deputy executive director of the Department of Veterans Affairs National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Perhaps with better measures, we can get closer. In 1980 is when the PTSD in adults came about with the war veterans, there were also numerous adults that had been diagnosed at this time but when it came to children there were no cases because it was primarily a disorder that had been focused around adults. (Kaminer, Seedat, Stein, 2005) â€Å"Studies indicate that children can develop PTSD after exposure to a range of traumatic stressors, including violent crime, sexual abuse, natural disasters, and war. Where relatively standardized assessment methods have been used, the incidence of PTSD among childsurvivors of specific disasters ranges from 30 to 60%. As yet there are no epidemiological studies of the prevalence of PTSD among children in the general population; however, community studies in the United States have consistently indicated that around 40% of high school students have experienced some form of domestic or community violence, and between 3 and 6% have PTSD. † When children develop these disorders some of the trauma can affect them ten times worse than that of an adult because children are so impressionable and delicate. With children and war veterans the symptoms are quite similar when concerning the nightmares, sleep disturbances, intrusive memories, and flashback experiences. In children however I have read that nightmares become more generalized and not specific, and also re-experiencing can take place through actual events and not only memories that can play in one’s mind. When dealing with PTSD we need to remember that children can be more delicate than an average human being, something that doesn’t traumatize you could definitely hurt a child and scar them for a life with PTSD. When I say normal human beings I mean it as a range of adults between the ages of 18 and over. The reason I give this age group is because anyone under the age of 18 are still considered a child and therefore I feel can still be influenced differently than someone who has been through the trauma, and it didn’t affect them at all. This is involved with civilians of PTSD, the different types of civilian PTSD can be defined as car accidents, death, change in home/work, or even going through a disaster such as angry Mother Nature. The problem with people nowadays isn’t PTSD as a disorder, because PTSD can be a real life disorder, it is the individuals that try to use PTSD as an excuse to be lazy and escape responsibility. One example of this is, recently in the news there was a murder case involving Jodi Arias. Jodi Arias has been accused of murdering her boyfriend, and to escape blame she has told the court that she has a disorder, PTSD to be exact. When faced with the tests from all the doctors you would think that she could get caught if she were faking it. According to her psychologist Richard Samuel whom was put on the stand to answer an array of over 100 questions and to defend his work he said â€Å"I made an arithmetic error which does not affect the utility of the test, Samuels insisted, adding that regardless of the changing scores because of his calculation errors, Arias still would have been diagnosed with PTSD. Each time that I scored it, Ms. Arias met or even exceeded the minimum criteria for the diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder. So when it came time to see the results we didn’t know what to believe. After all if her doctor is changing scores how to we believe that there is no disorder there. Time after time we come into contact with trauma and you have to think to yourself, Will the trauma caused affect different kinds of people differently? Well I have come to the conclusion that it does because not everyone is the same. It takes a strong individual to go through trauma and come out of the other side. Personal testimony is the best research I have done and I have been told by a close friend of mine, †You cannot let trauma stop your life, you have to learn how to get over your past and leave it there. Because after all that is where the past belongs, in the past† (Kat Brower, 2013). This individual is a very strong person, loves life and knows that there are more to worry about than past experienced, she has moved on and has let the wrong in her life make her stronger. With all of the symptoms that come with PTSD you have to be sure what you are going through, you just need to know you are not alone. Knowing whether the trauma that you have been through will cause PTSD is the biggest challenge, and also finding your cure. I have learned in doing this research that, it has helped me understand how to deal with my personal experiences in life that has made me doubt a close friend. I have decided I need to come to my own conclusions whether or not I am going to trust the disease is real or if the stories are in fact just stories. Hundreds of Americans are diagnosed with this disorder, its finding out who is using the disorder to escape the responsibility of life. References: Associated Press, (January 4, 2012), Types of Trauma: War. www. ptsd. va. gov. Retrieved on March 22, 2013. Associated Press, (November 20, 2009), Mental Health Effects of Serving in Afghanistan and Iraq. www. ptsdsupport. com. Retrieved on March 22, 2013 Kaminer, D. , Seedat, S. , Stein, D. J. , (June 2005), Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Children, 4(2): 121-125. www. ncbi. nim. nih. gov. Retrieved on March 24, 2013. Crimesider Staff, Tingle, T. , (March 25, 2013), Jodi Arias Trial: Expert defends murder defendant’s diagnosis of PTSD, amnesia. www. cbsnews. com. Retrieved March 25, 2013 Personal insight and quote from Brower, K. , (March 21, 2013) Rosenthal, M. , (2012) Statistics, www. healmyptsd. com, Retrieved March 30, 2013

Importance of Physical Activity Essay

Importance of Physical Activity Essay Introduction Physical activity is an important determinant of health. Its fundamental role in energy balance and weight control and in decreasing the risks of coronary heart disease, stroke, hypertension, diabetes, colon cancer, breast cancer, and depression is widely known. But in this fast paced life, people hardly incorporate physical activity in their daily routine. Non communicable diseases have, as a result been on the rise across the world. Even Mauritius have not been spared from this growing concern on diseases. Undeniably, compared to the past, the health of Mauritians has bettered given that now more facilities are available to combat once mortal diseases. Lifespan has increased as a result and the trend is there are more people as from 65 years old with the balance tipping in favour of the female population. The main problem that Mauritius faces nowadays is in terms of non communicable diseases. The new life trend now leads to other complications like diabetes, hypertension, kidney failure, heart problems, smoke and alcohol related problems. Literature review Physical activity is defined as any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that requires energy expenditure.(WHO,2013) Regular moderate intensity physical activity is beneficial to health. For instance, it can reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, colon and breast cancer, and depression. Other benefits include low risk of hip and vertebral fracture and weight control. Types of Physical Activity Aerobic, muscle-strengthening, bone-strengthening, and stretching are the four main types of physical activity. Aerobic Activity Aerobic activity benefits the heart and lungs. Large muscles, such as those in your arms and legs are used the most. Running, swimming, walking, biking, dancing, and doing jumping jacks are examples of aerobic activity. Aerobic activity also is also known as endurance activity. Aerobic activity increases heart rate. The person also breathes harder during this type of activity. Over time, regular aerobic activity makes the heart and lungs stronger and able to work better. Muscle-strengthening activity Muscle-strengthening activities improve the strength, power, and endurance of muscles. Performing pushups and situps, lifting weights, climbing stairs, and digging in the garden are examples of muscle-strengthening activities. During bone-strengthening activities, muscles push against the bones as the feet, legs, or arms support the bodys weight. This helps to strengthen the bones. Running, walking, jumping rope, and lifting weights are examples of bone-strengthening activities. Muscle-strengthening and bone-strengthening activities also can be aerobic if they make the heart and lungs work harder than usual. For example, running is both an aerobic and a bone-strengthening activity. Stretching improves flexibility and ability to fully move the joints. Touching one’s toes, doing side stretches and yoga exercises are examples of stretching. (AHA,2013) Levels of Intensity in Aerobic Activity Aerobic activity can be performed with light, moderate, or vigorous intensity. Moderate- and vigorous-intensity aerobic activity is better for the heart than light-intensity activity. However, even light-intensity activity is better than no activity at all. The level of intensity depends on how hard you have to work to do the activity. People who are less fit usually have to work harder to do an activity than people who are more fit. Therefore, what is light-intensity activity for one person may be moderate-intensity for another. Light- and Moderate-Intensity Activities Light-intensity activities are common daily tasks that do not require much effort. Moderate-intensity activities make the heart, lungs, and muscles work harder than usual. On a scale of 0 to 10, moderate-intensity activity is given a score of 5 or 6. It causes noticeable increases in breathing and heart rate. Vigorous-Intensity Activities On a scale of 0 to 10, vigorous-intensity activity is a 7 or 8. A person doing vigorous-intensity activity cant say more than a few words without stopping for a breath. Examples of Aerobic Activities Below are examples of aerobic activities. Depending on your level of fitness, they can be light, moderate, or vigorous in intensity: Gardening, such as digging or hoeing that causes your heart rate to go up Walking, hiking, jogging, and running Water aerobics or swimming laps Biking, skateboarding, rollerblading, and jumping rope Ballroom dancing and aerobic dancing Tennis, soccer, hockey, and basketball In the present era, many technological advances and conveniences have made our life easier and less active. But there are other factors that affect participation in physical exercise. For instance, transportation, social capital, and time barriers independently contribute to low levels of physical activity. (Zlot et al., 2006). Physical activity is highly recommended among adults and those aged 18–64 years old should do at least 150 minutes of moderately intense physical activity throughout the week or at least 75 minutes of vigorous- activity throughout the week or an equivalent combination of moderate- and vigorous activity.(WHO,2013). Unfortunately, according to the Mauritius non-communicable diseases survey 2009, only 16.5% of Mauritians (10.9% of women and 23.2%of men) undertook sufficient vigorous or moderate physical activity to meet national guidelines, that is, 150 minutes of activity per week. 56% (65.8% of women and 45.7% of men) reported doing no moderate or vigorous leisure time physical activity at all. In line with the NCD survey 2009, the prevalence of type 2 diabetes aged 20-74 years was 21.3%: 21.9% in men and 20.6% in women in Mauritius. The prevalence of hypertension was 37.9%: 35.4% for women and 40.5% for men. The age and gender standardised prevalence of obesity was 16.0%: 11.3% in men and 20.5% in women (Mauritian adult population aged 25 -74 years). Comparing those results with the NCD 2004, the preliminary results of the 2004 NCD Survey indicate that the age-standardised prevalence of diabetes in the Mauritian population aged 20-74 years was 15.0% (15.0% among male, 15.1% among female). The prevalence of hypertension in 2004 in participants aged 20-74 years (standardized on the Census year 2000 population) was 24.2% in males, 22.8% in females and 23.1% in both sexes. In 2004, the age-standardised prevalence of obesity in adults aged 20-74 years was 5.6% among males and 13.7% among females, giving an overall prevalence of 10.3%. On one side, adults do not perform enough physical activity, on the other side, type 2 diabetes; hypertension and obesity are on the rise in Mauritius. Importance of physical activity Benefits of physical activity are widely recognised. Physical activity improves the cardiovascular and respiratory system On a regular basis, moderate- and vigorous-intensity physical activity strengthens the heart muscle. The hearts ability to pump blood to lungs and throughout your body is improved. oxygen levels in your blood rise as more blood flows to your muscles. Capillaries also widen. This allows them to deliver more oxygen to your body and carry away waste products. Physical Activity Reduces Coronary Heart Disease Risk Factors(CHD) On a regular basis, moderate- and vigorous-intensity aerobic activity can lower risk for CHD. CHD is a condition in which plaque builds up inside the coronary arteries. These arteries supply heart muscle with oxygen-rich blood. Plaque narrows the arteries and decreases blood flow to heart muscle. Eventually, an area of plaque can rupture . A blood clot can form on the surface of the plaque. As the clot becomes large enough, it can mostly or completely block blood flow through a coronary artery. A heart attack can result. Certain traits, conditions, or habits may increase the risk for CHD. Physical activity can help control some of these risk factors because it: Can decrease blood pressure and triglyceride levels Can raise HDL cholesterol levels. Maintain blood glucose and insulin levels, which lowers your risk for type 2 diabetes. Decreases levels of C-reactive protein (CRP). This protein is a sign of inflammation. High levels of CRP may suggest an increased risk for CHD. Helps reduce overweight and obesity when combined with a reduced-calorie diet. Physical activity also helps in maintaining a healthy weight over time Can help people to quit smoking. Smoking is a major risk factor for CHD. Inactive people are nearly twice as likely to develop CHD as people who are physically active. According to studies, inactivity is a major risk factor for CHD, just like high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, and smoking. Physical Activity Reduces Heart Attack Risk For people who have CHD, aerobic activity done regularly improves the function of the heart. It also decreases the risk of a second heart attack in people who already have had heart attacks. Vigorous aerobic activity may not be safe for people who have CHD. Physical activity boosts mental wellness Tension, anxiety, depression and anger are relieved by performing physical activity Exercise increases the flow of oxygen which directly affects the brain. Your mental acuity and memory can be improved with physical activity. Physical activity improves physical wellness. Stronger immunity It enhances your immune system and decreases the risk of developing diseases such as cancer and heart disease. Reduced risk factors Becoming more active can lower your blood pressure by as much as 4 to 9 mm Hg. Thats the same reduction in blood pressure delivered by some antihypertensive medications. Physical activity can also boost your levels of good cholesterol. Recommendations of physical activity AHA Recommendation At least 30 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity at least 5 days per week for a total of 150 OR At least 25 minutes of vigorous aerobic activity at least 3 days per week for a total of 75; or a combination of the two AND Moderate to high intensity muscle-strengthening activity at least 2 or more days per week for additional health benefits. Physical inactivity Physical inactivity has been identified as the fourth leading risk factor for global mortality causing an estimated 3.2 million deaths globally Globally, six percent of deaths are attributed to physical inactivity. This follows high blood pressure (13%), tobacco use (9%) and is equal to high blood glucose (6%). Moreover, physical inactivity is the main cause for approximately 21–25% of breast and colon cancers, 27% of diabetes and 30% of ischaemic heart disease burden. (WHO) Physical inactivity Globally, around 31% of adults aged 15 and over were insufficiently active in 2008 (men 28% and women 34%). Approximately 3.2 million deaths each year are attributable to insufficient physical activity. In 2008, prevalence of insufficient physical activity was highest in the WHO Region of the Americas and the Eastern Mediterranean Region. In both these regions, almost 50% of women were insufficiently active, while the prevalence for men was 40% in the Americas and 36% in Eastern Mediterranean. The South East Asian Region showed the lowest percentages (15% for men and 19% for women). In all WHO Regions, men were more active than women, with the biggest difference in prevalence between the two sexes in Eastern Mediterranean. This was also the case in nearly every countrhttp://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/factsheet_inactivity/en/y. Physical inactivity and cardiovascular disease The increasing urbanization and mechanization of the world has reduced our levels of physical activity. The World Health Organization believes that more than 60% of the global population is not sufficiently active. If you are physically active you will increase your life span, regardless of any adverse inherited factors. Physical activity, at any age, protects against a multitude of chronic health problems including many forms of cardiovascular disease. Physical activity protects you by regulating your weight and improving your body’s use of insulin. Being active is beneficial for your blood pressure, blood lipid levels, blood glucose levels, blood clotting factors, the health of your blood vessels and inflammation, which is powerful promoter of cardiovascular disease. Studies show that doing more than 150 minutes (2 hours and 30 minutes) of moderate physical activity or an hour of vigorous physical activity every week will reduce your risk of coronary heart disease by about 30%. The consequences of physical inactivity are staggering. More of us are overweight. Adult (and childhood) obesity/overweight level continues to increase: 68% of all Adults are obese or overweight. It is more difficult today to create an active lifestyle. People are less active due to technology and better mass transportation. Sedentary jobs have increased 83% since 1950; Physically active jobs now make up only about 25% of our workforce. That is 50% less than 1950. Our average work week is longer. Americans work 47 hours a week 164 more hours a year than 20 years ago. Extra weight costs us physically and financially. Obesity costs American companies $225.8B per year in health-related productivity losses. The average healthcare cost exceeds $3,000 per person annually. An obese employee costs employer additional $460 to $2,500 in medical costs and sick days per year There are previous studies that have been carried out to assess the views of high school students towards physical activity. In 2010 according to the study carried out by Lovell among non-exercising female students in the United Kingdom, that the greatest perceived benefit from exercise was physical performance followed by the benefits of psychological outlook, preventive health, life enhancement, and then social interaction. The greatest perceived barrier to exercise was physical exertion, which was rated significantly higher than time expenditure, exercise milieu, and family discouragement barriers. Another study was carried by Daskapan in 2006 targetting Turkish university students. Current exercise habits and perceived barriers to physical activity were assessed in the sample. Using a Likert Type scale, participants responded an instrument with 12 items representing barriers to physical activity. Mean scores were computed. External barriers were more important than internal barriers. Lack of time due to busy lesson schedule, My parents give academic success priority over exercise. and lack of time due to responsibilities related to the family and social environment were most cited items for physical activity barriers. In 1999, Allison carried out a study to assess the perceived barriers to physical activity among high school students in Metropolitan school in Toronto. Results showed that time constraints due to school work, other interests, and family activities were three of the four barriers considered most important. Female students had more perceived barriers than the male students towards physical activity. Two empirically distinct and theoretically meaningful factors emerged from the analysis—perceived internal barriers and perceived external barriers. Perceived internal barriers were predictive of physical activity in overall activity and outside of school activity. Perceived external barriers were predictive of overall physical activity and other school activity, but in the direction opposite of that hypothesized. It was concluded that perceived barriers may be predictive of physical activity participation among high school students only under specific conditions. Till date, no study has been carried out in Mauritius among the young population. To combat the rise in non-communicable diseases plaguing Mauritius, it is essential to identify the factors that are preventing young adults, especially the future graduates of our country, from adhering to the national guidelines of 150 minutes physical activity per week. On the same wavelength, the aim of this study is to identify the barriers that influence the students in participating in physical exercise. Findings from the current study will help to investigate the students’ motives for physical exercise and the challenges they face in taking part in regular physical exercise. The findings can assist policy makers, to design effective health strategies in promoting physical exercise at the level of the university.

International Law and International Organization

International Law and International Organization Introduction Generally public international law primarily is the laws of states, in all its forms. This includes the many international dealings of states with each other. The purview of international law includes the institutions which operate under its broad coverage.[1] International law is presupposed on the concept of equality of states, which are subject to international laws, subject to their recognition of any rule of law as binding upon them, with the same principle applying to the courts. Hence for the system of international law to be further recognizable, there comes the need for international organizations or institutions. Thus, if there is no identifiable institution either to establish rules, or to clarify them or see that those who break them are punished, how what can is called international law be law.[2] The role of force in international law has been largely misinterpreted to favor powerful states, hence the equality of states in international law, but without a unified system of sanction in international law, the use of indiscriminate force by nation-states would be almost inevitable.[3] The inability of the structure of international law to properly deter any aggressor country would continually breed new levels of aggression amongst states, hence the need for international organization.[4] History of Relationship between International Law and International Organization. International law has been developing steadily since the Second World War, and forces have been consistently playing a critical role in the international scene, as this include international organizations. As the complexities of life has multiplied so has the response of international law. International organizations are product of the ingenuity of corporate international to spread its globalization and promote international law. Meanwhile, among many international organizations, the United Nations facilitates international diplomacy, the World Health Organization coordinates international public health and protection, and the International Labor Organization monitors and fosters workers rights around the world.[5] Historically, international law addressed only relations between states, and war was the major reason for international diplomacy between countries, but today international organization have a major part to play in the executing of international goals. Treaties are the foundation for the establishment for international organization, and usually the establishment treaty or agreement is what determines the limit and extent of the powers of the organization. International organizations have a limited degree of international personality, especially vis-à  -vis member States. They can enter into international agreements and their representatives have certain privileges and immunities. The United Nations gets its power from the charter of the United Nations 1945, and in the dispensing of its functions it is divided into different arms. History of international organization in world politics today The idea of nations-states having and establishing bodies to secure its interest in another country or promote a certain cause around the world is not new to international legal system. Without going back into medieval Europe where countries had consuls which represented the interest of their mother nation. The private International associations sprang from the realization by non-governmental bodies, whether private individuals or corporate associations, that their interests had an international character which demanded the furtherance of those interests via a permanent international association with like bodies in other countries. In those fields where co-operation between governments became imperative, there developed the public international unions; these were, in fact, an essay into international organization in the administrative sphere. There developed a gradual transition from the private corporate unions to international organization.[6] Thus, in 1840, the world Anti-Slavery Convention was established, and in 1863 a Swiss philanthropist, Henry Dunant, Created the Red Cross.[7] Modern international organizations The need for increased international participations and cooperation fostered the need to developed more stable organizations to checkmate the politics of the nation-states hence acting independent of the states i.e. subject only to the agreement creating them. The powerful nature of states and sovereignty of these states led to the private international charter companies becoming an extension of their home countries, hence a need to bring more independent organization. In 1903 the International Office of Public Health was created, and in the field of economics the establishment of the Metric Union (1875), the International Copyright Union (1886), the International Sugar Union (1902) and the International Institute for Agriculture (1905) may be mentioned as early forerunners of present-day international organization. A major breakthrough for modern international organization was in the year 1919 and the Versailles peace Settlement which followed the First World War, American president advocated for a general association of nations.[8] The League of Nations was the first international organization which was designed just to organization operation between states as a result of the war, its specific aims was to guarantee peace and the establishment of a system of collective security, following which an attack against one of the member-states of the League would give the rest the right to come to the attacked states rescue, but sadly the league of nations failed in preventing war, which was its major objective. In 1945, the United Nations was established as a successor to the League of Nations. Since the creation of the UN, much of international law and diplomacy has been developed, shaped, implemented, and enforced through U.N. bodies and related international organizations. International organizations both make international law and are governed by it.[9] Functions and Structures of International Law and Organizations In an attempt to discuss the structure of international law and international organizations, to highlight the sources of international law and its enforcement mechanisms. It is of general knowledge that the main function of international law is to promote peace and cooperation among nations-states, any other function would be specific to an arm or organization operating in the international sphere. A vast network of international laws and dozens of international organizations make globalization possible, the scope and authority of international law have thus expanded dramatically during the era of globalization. Historically, international law addressed only relations between states, but globalization has changed international law in numerous ways. For example, as globalization has accelerated, international law has become a vehicle for states to cooperate regarding new areas of international relations (such as the environment and human rights).[10] Because of the need for enhanced international cooperation, age hold topics of sovereignty are becoming malleable.[11] The structure of international law involves, Public International Law (The relationship between sovereign states and international entities such as International Criminal Court and international criminal courts), Private international law, this involves jurisdictional conflict in resolving transnational issues. Since there is no parliament to make international law the way domestic Legislatures create laws for one country, the major source of international is treaties between states, also the customary state practice, general principles of law common to many countries, domestic judicial decisions, and the legal scholarship.[12] Enforcement of International Law and Structure of Organisation Within International Law In an international system where there is no overarching authoritative enforcer, punishment for non-compliance with the rules of public international law rules, hence the deriding insinuations that it is not law. Some of the enforcement mechanism in the international legal system include Reciprocity is a type of enforcement by which states are assured that if they offend another state, where the other state is primed to respond in the same measure. There is mutuality of response, as was witnessed in the cold war, between geopolitical powers of the era. The fear of reprisal or reciprocal action act as a form of deterrence, to prevent a state from committing acts against another state which it may not itself be able to withstand. The killing of prisoners of war or the imposition of heavy tariffs on products from a certain country to limit the imports. Guarantees of reciprocal reactions encourage states to think twice about which of their actions they would like imposed upon them. Collective action: several states act together against one state to produce what is usually a punitive result, in a bid to force such state from refraining from an act or from continuing with an action. Example is the commonwealth sanction of South Africa during the apartheid regime. Similarly, the United Nations imposed joint economic sanctions, such as restrictions on trade, on South Africa in the 1980s to force that country to end the practice of racial segregation known as apartheid. Name and shame:[13]Most states dislike negative publicity and will actively try to avoid it, so the threat of shaming a state with public statements regarding their offending behavior is often an effective enforcement mechanism. This method is particularly effective in the field of human rights where states, not wanting to intervene directly into the domestic affairs of another state, may use media attention to highlight violations of international law. In turn, negative public attention may serve as a catalyst o having an international organization address the issue; it may align international grassroots movements on an issue; or it may give a state the political will needed from its populace to authorize further action. A recent example of this strategic tactic was seen in May 2010, when the U.N. named the groups most persistently associated with using child soldiers in Asia, Africa, and Latin America[14] However since international organizations are established under international law, law serves two important purposes in relation to international organizations. On the one hand international organizations rely upon law and legal technique as the primary means of their protection[15]. On the other hand one of the major claims to legitimacy of international organizations is their rational-legal foundation. It is therefore important to provide a legally coherent account of the relations between international organizations and national legal systems, particularly where the rights of individuals are concerned.[16] The constituent instrument establishing the organization will set out the functions and goals of the organization and the structures and powers through which these are to be achieved. In particular international organizations are usually endowed with organs of their own, including an assembly or council, at which the membership is represented in plenary, to determine the direction and policy of the organization, and a permanent staff employed by the organisation which will at very least service the representative organ, but also will often carry out the policies of the organization or assist, supervise or coordinate their execution by others. Some organizations, or course, have more sophisticated organic structures requiring more clearly defined separation of powers. Political and Economic Interdependency Within The Organisation and The States International organizations, otherwise known as intergovernmental organizations, or IGOs, are formed between two or more state governments. Some IGOs operate by making decisions on the basis of one vote for each member-state, some make decisions on a consensus or unanimity basis, while still others have weighted voting structures based on security interests or monetary donations. In the General Assembly of UN, each state has one vote, while in the Security Council, five states are permanent members and have a veto over any action. The World Bank arranges its voting according to the Member States shareholding status, which is roughly based on the size of the states economy. This is often thought of as the one dollar = one vote approach to representation. There are nearly 2,000 international organizations that deal with a wide variety of topics requiring international cooperation, such as the International Civil Aviation Organization, the Universal Postal Union, the International Organ ization for Standardization, and the International Organization for Migration (United Nations, 2003). The relationship of an organisation to its member States is complex and multi ­faceted, On the one hand the organisation is the servant of the member States, in that the member States as a collectivity establish the organisation, fund it and determine its direction and policy.[17] However once the organisation is established individual members owe numerous duties to the collectivity, including not only the specific duties contained in the constituent instrument such as to contribute to the funding of the organisation, but also duties of good faith and cooperation[18] It follows that where the membership has collectively empowered an organisation to act, each member States must respect the rights of an organisation to act accordingly, and must eschew any interference which would amount to an undue unilateral attempt to modify the collective will. The United Nations Charter 1945 Article 100 provides: In the performance of their duties the Secretary General and the staff shall not seek or receive instructions from any Government or from any other authority external to the Organisation. They shall refrain from action which might reflect upon their position as international officials responsible only to the Organisation. The implication of the above is that the United Nations in the charter was trying to forged an isolated relationship and freedom from interference from states and hence the United Nations is not an extension of any country and the principle of equality of states is enshrined in Articles 2 of the charter 1945, and this was departure from the position under the league of nations where governments were responsible for their national in the league civil service, hence one of the many factors that contributed to the failure of the league of nation was the inability to secure freedom from the nation states. Article 105(2) of the charter provides for independence and immunities to necessarily exercise independent functions. A key feature of the united nation which highlights the interdependence between the organization and the states is the Charter also provides that, in the territory of each of its members, the Organisation shall have such legal capacity as may be necessary for the exercise of its functions and the fulfilment of its purposes (Art. 104). This has been interpreted to confer on the United Nations organisation legal personality subject to the laws of the nation states, i.e. to enable it to contract, hold and dispose of property and to be party to legal proceedings.[19] In the reparations case that the Organisation had the capacity to bring an international claim against both a government (de jure or de facto) of a Member State and of a non-Member State, responsible for injuries to an agent of the Organisation in the performance of his duties, with a view to obtaining reparation in respect of damage caused to the Organisation[20] Finally the interdependence of the UN, for its enforcing of international obligations on members states is the bane on the organisation. In the quest not to create a super state superior to all states which a members of it are. The fear by the states was not surrender their sovereignty to the UN, and hence the UN is more of a cajoling organisation. Until the UN, can enforce international obligations without the help of the strong state, the UN may not be said to be fairly balanced to handle international aggression. International Law and the Need for Multilateral Intervention State sovereignty is the concept that states are in complete and exclusive control of all the people and property within their territory. State sovereignty also includes the idea that all states are equal as states, since all states are equal in this sense, one State does not have the right to interfere with the internal affairs of another state. Practically, sovereignty means that one state cannot demand that another state take any particular internal action. Under the concept of state sovereignty, no state has the authority to tell another state how to control its internal affairs. Sovereignty both grants and limits power: it gives states complete control over their own territory while restricting the influence that states have on one another. Globalization is changing this view of sovereignty Similarly, states no longer view the treatment of citizens of one state as only the exclusive concern of that state. International human rights law is based on the idea that the entire global community is responsible for the rights of every individuals.[21] Multilateral intervention by a 3rd party state maybe views as any form of external force which attempt to limit the external sovereignty of a state. This may be the imposition of sanctions by the UN, acting as a front for the powerful member states to secure their own national interest. Otherwise multilateral intervention may be the intervention of a state in another to protect the former national interest through war. The law of armed conflict (also called the law of war) can be divided into two categories. The first concerns the legitimate reasons for starting a war, known by its Latin terminology, jus ad bellum (Right to Wage War). The laws during war, jus in bello (Justice in War), are also called international humanitarian law. Article 2(4) UN Charter All Members shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state, or in any other manner inconsistent with the Purposes of the United Nations.(United Nations, 1945). Some regard this as the prohibition of the use of force outside of UN-approved actions. On the other hand, others consider this clause only non-binding rhetoric, especially considering the history of armed conflict since the UNs birth in 1945. In my opinion the UN Charter and CIL do recognize that a state is entitled to use force without international approval when it is acting in self-defense. However, the events that trigger this right to self-defense are subject to debate. Most international lawyers agree that self-defense actions must be immediately necessary and proportional to the attack the state is trying to repel. Russian aggression against Georgia in 2005. The applicability of Art. 2.4 In this era of terrorism and weapons of mass destruction, some contend that legal self-defense also extends to pre-emptive attacks to prevent the development of a military threat. Geneva Conventions of 1949 (ICRC,1949 Some of the most important principles of jus in bello are that there must be a valid military purpose to every attack (military necessity), that attackers must try to avoid killing non-combatants (the principle of distinction between military and non-military targets), and that if non-combatants are killed, their deaths must be in proportion to the military necessity of the attack (proportionality). Once armed conflict has begun, international humanitarian laws begin to apply.[22] New directions in international law and organization interdependency This is the new world order, to create a more central world, as certain challenges are global in nature and there may be need to act swiftly irrespective of territorial sovereignty. International Human Rights Law International human rights law is different from most areas of international law because, rather than governing relations between states, human rights law governs a states relations with its own citizens. The modern human rights law movement has its roots in the post-WWII trials of Nazi leaders at Nuremburg. The world community recognized that the mass atrocities committed during WWII were too serious to be handled under domestic laws because the crimes committed were crimes against all of humanity. Subsequently, the creators of the UN recognized the reaffirmation of fundamental human rights as one of its most important purposes, and in the first year of its existence, set out to ensure that goal. The first step took place when The Human Rights Commission-at the time the lead UN body of human rightsproduced the International Bill of Human Rights, which is composed of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and two binding treaties, the International Convention on Civil and Politica l Rights (ICCPR) and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR). On March 15, 2006, recognizing the need to update its human rights organizations, the General Assembly of the UN created the Human Rights Council. The Human Rights Council was created with the specific intention to address the heavy criticism that The Human Rights Commission had received for allowing far too many states with poor human rights records into the delegation (BBC, 2006). This new body is responsible for further strengthening and promoting human rights around the world. One of the Councils many tools for protecting human rights is the innovative Universal Periodic Review, which allows for the examination of the status of human rights within all member states. Less than two weeks after the formation of the Human Rights Council, on March 27, 2006, the Commission on Human Rights met for its sixty-second and final session A sophisticated system of agreements and monitoring organizations exists to promote respect for the rights enshrined in these documents, both on international and regional levels, as with the European Convention on Human Rights and its Court of Human Rights, and the American Declaration and American Convention on Human Rights and their Inter-American Commission and Inter-American Court on Human Rights International Environmental Law Environmental law revolves around a core theory that the earth has limited resources that must be jointly enjoyed and cared for, regardless of their physical presence in the territory of one state as opposed to another. Environmental law attempts to bring states into agreement on issues such as desertification, sustainable development, biodiversity, endangered species, hazardous materials, climate change, and trans-boundary pollution, all of which have been the subject of major international treaties, such as the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification, and the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species. Conclusion As noted earlier, there are nearly 2,000 international organizations that deal with a wide variety of topics requiring international cooperation, including diplomacy, trade, aviation, migration, development, and many, many others. As with international law in general, these organizations are crucial to managing globalization, but are controversial because of their impact on state sovereignty. The United Nations is a complex network of organizations. Just as any government may be divided into branches, such as the judiciary, legislative, and executive, the UN also has various bodies with different functions. The overarching framework of the United Nations incorporates five principal organs, but a vast array of underlying specialized agencies, programs, funds, and related organizations maintain ties with the UN while operating under differing levels of independence. Article 24 of the UN Charter confers upon the Security Council the primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security. As such, the Security Council is the only UN body that can pass resolution that the member states are legally committed to obey. The Security Council is also the only part of the UN that can authorize the use of force and there by physically enforce its resolutions, hence it is the arm twister of the organisation. The Security Council has 15 members, including five permanent members, China, France, Russia, the U.K., and the U.S., and ten non-permanent members selected on a regional basis by the GA. The five permanent members have the authority to veto any substantive issue. The Security Council can meet at any time and has previously established peacekeeping operations, international tribunals, and sanctions [1] J. Bentham, Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation, London, 1780. [2] H. L. A .Hart, The Concept of Law, Oxford, 1961. [3] L. Henkin, International Law: Politics and Values, Dordrecht, 1995 [4] Security Council resolution 221 (1966). Note also Security Council resolution 418 (1977) imposing a mandatory arms embargo on South Africa but couldnt deter the continuation of the Rhodesia killings, and even after the aggression by south Africa, there was insufficient response by the international law structure. [5] A. Nussbaum, A Concise History of the Law of Nations, revised edition, New York, 1954 [6] Rhine Commission, in order to deal with issues of navigation, or issues of pollution, on a regular basis. Following the establishment of the Rhine Commission in 1915, a number of other river commissions were established -managing the Elbe (1821), the Douro (1835) the Po (1849) and, after the end of the Crimean War, the European Commission for the Danube in 1856 [7] C. Cheshire and P. North, Private International Law, 13th edn, London, 1999. [8] L. Henkin, International Law: Politics and Values, Dordrecht, 1995 [9] Fr. Robert J. Araujo, S.J., Implementation of the ICJ Advisory Opinion Legal Consequences of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory: Fences [Do Not]Make Good Neighbors?, 22 B.U. Intl L.J. 349 (2004 [10] Newman and Weisbrodt ,International Human Rights(1st ed. 1994), pp.182-213, 13-19, 91-97, 130-141 [11] United Nations. (1969, May). Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, Vienna. Retrieved from: http://untreaty.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/conventions/1_1_1969.pdf [12] Dinstein, Y. (2004). The conduct of hostilities under law of international armed conflict. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press [13] United Nations. (2010, May 21). UN identifies most persistent users of child soldiers in armed conflicts. Retrieved from: http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=34778Cr=coomaraswamyCr1 [14] Greenhill, S. (2011, October 29). Gaddafis killers will be puton trial over mob execution, vow Libyas new rulers. Daily MailRetrieved from: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2054344/Gaddafi-dead-Mob-killers-trial-vow-Libyas-new-rulers.html [15] Bekker, The Legal Position of Intergovernmental Organizations. A functional necessity analysis of their Legal Status and Immunities (Kulwer, The Hague, 1994) pp.39- 42 [16] Reinisch International Organizations before National Courts(CUP, Cambridge,2000) at pp.5-10; [17] Nicholas Rostow, Before and After: The Changed UN Response to Terrorism Since September 11th.35 Cornell Intl L.J. 475 [18] ICJ Advisory Opinion on the Interpretation of the Agreement of 25 March1951 between the WHO and Egypt -1980 ICJ Rep. 73 esp. pp.94-96

The Effects of Population Increase on the Environment Essay -- overpop

The Effects of Population Increase on the Environment As inevitable as death and taxes, the population of the world will continue to grow until the government intervenes. The gross increase in population will generally lead to adverse effects on the environment. In the anthology, A Forest of Voices, an entry titled ?Is It Too Late by Anthony Weston deals with the history of legislation for the protection of the environment and stories of it?s destruction that are all too real. Seemingly, as the population increases, so should the level of intelligence for a sample population which would necessarily lead to a certain form of protection to the environment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It would seem quite apparent that an increase in population has a causal relationship with the status of the environment. Some factors that may lead to this are underlying, though. When this notion comes to mind, the immediate reaction may be that a population increase would deem more space to be required for the new population. This includes any area that is necessary for human survival, such as farmland area, water consumption, area to reside, and the production of all products necessary for an individual to function in society. There are statistics to prove this theory. All of the statistics given are a 20 year projection from 1990 to 2010 (Bryant). The projection shows that the population will increase just fewer than 2 billion in this period (Bryant). This would be about a 33% increase in population (Bryant). The study shows that in these 20 years, the amount of fish caught will increase 20%; the area of cropland will increase 5%; and the area of forests will decrease by 7% (Bryant). Granted these figures do not look too dangerous, but we are already three-quarters of the way through the projection. From these statistics, the future is starting to seem bleak.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  From these figures, it can be derived that the resources on Earth will eventually be depleted by the hand of man. As grim as the future may seem, there might be some hope just over the horizon. When an increase in population occurs, it must be taken into account that as the years pass the knowledge of the human race will increase. It could be assumed that as our intelligence increases, our means of survival will become more systematic with relation to the earth. Take for example the notion of ecology. It was not until the huma... ...ng that; the human race is arrogant, a lack of intelligence is logically equivalent to a certain level of arrogance, and as intelligence increases, arrogance decreases. All of theses given truths have been induced through the writer?s interpretation of the world. I see humans as arrogant by nature. I notice people of higher intellect may have an ego, but do not necessarily have a high level of arrogance. I also notice, on the other end of the spectrum, that the less intelligent a person is, the more likely that person is to be arrogant. Looking back on the last century, or so, there has been underlying instances of a world-wide call for awareness of the environment but nothing great has come to fruition. I guess that is what happens when you have a Texan as the President of the ?best? nation on Earth. Works Cited: Bryant, Peter J. Biodiversity and Conservation. 2002. School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine. < http://darwin.bio.uci.edu/~sust ain/bio65/lec16/b65lec16.htm>. Weston, Anthony. ?Is It Too Late A Forest of Voices: Conversations in Ecology. Anderson, Chris. 2nd Edition. Mountain View: Mayfield Publishing Company, 2000. 134 ? 136.

tsar :: essays research papers fc

Death and the afterlife in ancient Egypt Death and the afterlife in ancient Egypt was considered to be one of the most important things to them at the time they had different methods of burial before mummification one of them was the sand in the blistering heat of the desert but after they started to believe that the body must stay in tact this what will be discussing in this essay. What Is Mummification? Mummification is the preservation of a body, either animal or human. Some mummies are preserved wet, some are frozen, and some are dried. It can be a natural process or it may be deliberately achieved. The Egyptian mummies were deliberately made by drying the body. By eliminating the moisture in the body, you have eliminated the source of decay. They dried the body by using a salt mixture called natron. Natron is a natural substance that is found in abundance along the Nile River. Natron is made up of four salts: sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium chloride, and sodium sulfate. The sodium carbonate works as a drying agent, drawing the water out of the body. At the same time the bicarbonate, when subjected to moisture, increases the pH that creates a hostile environment for bacteria. The Egyptian climate lent itself well to the mummification process, being both very hot and dry. Why Did The Ancient Egyptian's Mummify Their Dead? The Egyptians believed that there were six important aspects that made up a human being: the physical body, shadow, name, ka (spirit), ba (personality), and the akh (immortality). Each one of these elements played an important role in the well being of an individual. Each was necessary to achieve rebirth into the afterlife. With the exception of the akh, all these elements join a person at birth. A person's shadow was always present. A person could not exist with out a shadow, nor the shadow without the person. The shadow was represented as a small human figure painted completely black. A person's name was given to them at birth and would live for as long as that name was spoken. This is why efforts were made to protect the name. A cartouche (magical rope) was used to surround the name and protect it for eternity. The ka was a person's double. It is what we would call a spirit or a soul. The ka was created at the same time as the physical body.

Eulogy for Mother :: Eulogies Eulogy

Eulogy for Mother The Cost Death is not too high a price to pay for having lived.   Mountains never die, nor do the seas or rocks or endless sky. Through countless centuries of time, they stay eternal, deathless.   Yet they never live! If choice were there, I would not hesitate to choose mortality.   Whatever Fate demanded in return for life I’d give, for never to have seen the fertile plains nor heard the winds nor felt the warm sun on sands beneath a salty sea, not touched the hands of those I love – without these, all the gains of timelessness would not be worth a day of living and of loving; come what may.† - Dorothy N. Monroe - It is hard to give a eulogy for one’s parent.   More than the death of a classmate or sibling, the death of a parent is not only a loss, but also a reminder that we are all following an inevitable path. We are all â€Å"Outrunning Our Shadow† as her friend Fred Hill so provocatively titled his book. As Dorothy N. Monroe’s poem, printed in your program, says:   â€Å"Death is not too high a price to pay for having lived." When my father died, I was too young to participate in a meaningful way, so at some level this is my eulogy for him, too. Mother was born on November 7, 1917 in Louisville.   Her mother was an unmarried 17-year-old and Mom was put up for adoption.   That may be a surprise to you.   It was a surprise to me when I learned about it as an adult. As an infant Mom was adopted by Clyde and Maude Johnson, who named her Doris Eileen. When Mom was about ten Clyde abandoned his family, and she and her mother moved in with Maude's sister in the Port Fulton neighborhood of Jeffersonville.   My Unc and Aunt Smith became Mom's surrogate parents, and she lived with them until she married.   A few years later Maude was institutionalized at Craigmont, where she lived for the rest of her life.   There is a third marker on the cemetery lot where Mom and Dad are buried for our Grandmother Maude Johnson. Mother never talked much about this or other aspects of her life.   Nor did she want to know the details of other’s lives.   She practiced â€Å"Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell† long before it became a catch phrase.

Reform Movements in the United States Sought Essay

As Americans entered an era of transition and instability, they sought to expand democratic ideals in the society. In response to sudden changes occurring and traditional values being challenged, various reform movements during 1825-1850 began to focus on democratic ideals. The rise of religious revivals, movements for equal rights and protecting liberties of different social groups, want to advance society technologically, and desire to bring order and control helped reform the society to live up to the nation’s founding ideals. Teaching them (I don’t get who â€Å"them† is) the habits of thrift, orderliness, temperance and industry was a way to not only better their lives but a way to instill certain democratic values and advance the perfection of society as a whole. The rise of popular religion and a series of religious revivals reinforced American democracy and liberty. The Second Great Awakening was a huge religious reform movement that sought to re-captivate religious interest in America. One of its new breakthroughs is its representation of democratic ideas, or: â€Å"a reworking of traditional religious institutions to better match the average American’s sensibilities and frontier lifestyles (Second Great Awakening). † In this attempt to capture interest, this new theology differed from the previous Calvinist viewpoint that people’s predestined path to heaven or hell could only be altered by God’s choosing, in that the new theology emphasized individual free will, and equality in God’s eyes- a characteristic of democracy. These new theologies emphasized: â€Å"human choice. Reform of the individual human heart and also broader social institutions was indeed possible (Second Great Awakening). † Church ministers were elected and churches believed in a â€Å"priesthood of all believers. † Such religious reforms sought to expand democratic ideals into the churches. The theology of the Second Great Awakening can be divided into many different subdivisions which all spread out and became part of many reform movements to come. Before examining such future movements, it must be noted that The Progress of the Age was also a reform movement that spread democratic ideals of around the same time frame as the Second Great Awakening. The Progress of the Age empowers all the new American technologies and social reforms in its time (around 1825-1846). New technological reforms included adapting the time conserving sewing machine, and harnessing the potential of the locomotive. Religion, politics, the economy, and virtually everything else in America was being influenced by echnological reforms, turning life in American as something Senator Webster describes: â€Å"The world has seen nothing like [it] before (A Discourse, Delivered at Plymouth 61). † The significance of all these technological advances lies in the inevitable social advances they initiated. The Progress of the Age focused on improving everyday life with the adaption of machine labor, allowing for: a large range of agricultural goods for the co mmon man, increasingly cheaper goods, less expensive books/newspapers, and faster travel. As these technological revolutions led to revolutions in habits, opinions, and moral values, people began to realize: â€Å"If machinery could be brought to such a state of perfection, why not society (Maier 369)? † With all the social ideas related to technological progress, none were associated with the Progression of the Age, as the expansions of democratic ideals were. With the new leaps in technological advances, people built the impression that: â€Å"No reform is now deemed impossible, no enterprise for human betterment impracticable (Maier 369). Of all the social ideas, the democratic ideas of striving for social equality, and benefitting the common good fit the technological age of progress best. Along with technological advancements, American literature was advancing too. New values such as favoring nature over â€Å"America’s turn towards industrial capitalism and worst of all, the crass, money-grubbing materialism that seemed to grip more and more of their countrymen (Maier 371),† as described in novels of James Fenimore Cooper, and Washington Irving were exposed to their readers. The Transcendentalist movement, founded by Ralph Waldo Emerson was populated by his essay Nature, as well as other works such as Henry David Thoreau’s Nature. The increasing quality and affordability of such books as well as newspapers, with new perspectives and philosophies printed by new machines, allowed the common people access to new knowledge. Society was now exposed to knowledge such as: philosophy, current events, and political information which brought up the level of education of the common man. Not only were books made cheaper and more available, an abundance of higher quality goods and services such as better foods, clothes, and a better transportation system now became available to the society. As Horace Greenley of the New York Tribune accounts: â€Å"We have universalized all the beautiful and glorious results of industry and skill†¦ We have made them a common possession of the people†¦. We have democratized the means and appliances of a higher life (Art and Industry 58). Greenley is saying that the Progress of the Age has brought high quality goods previously only for aristocrats down to the common people, raising the living standard of the common people: a true democratic value. Out of all these technological breakthroughs, the railroad became the symbol of the Progress of the Age and the expansion of democratic ideals. Even artists of the Hudson River School such as Thomas Cole recognized the locomotive in their paintings. In River in the Catskills, Thomas Cole blends the locomotive with nature, suggesting a natural harmony between them as Americans civilized the new lands. The locomotive became a symbol of the drive of civilization, spreading it and America’s democracy to new, unseen horizons. These unseen horizons were discovered through the reforms in the Antebellum Era, whose roots were mainly evangelical – religion tied into the belief that equality and salvation should be offered to everyone. This brought back tensions between the North and South when slavery became an issue with those ideals, which made the acted reforms not just a movement towards equality, but towards democracy as well. One of the most important reform movements in American history was the creation of the American Anti-Slavery Society in 1833. The Declaration of Sentiments was established and those who wished to join the society had to sign the document which pledged to â€Å"secure to the colored population†¦all the rights and privileges that belong to them as men and as Americans. † This reform was different than most, because the people involved decided to use the old tactic of â€Å"moral suasion† instead of violence. These society members campaigned across the U. S. especially aiming to influence the South. They published abolitionist newspapers and other literature to raise awareness, attempted to make antislavery societies in every state and every town, and eventually brought so many petitions to Congress that although the â€Å"Gag Resolution† tabled them, the awareness it raised about slavery occurred everywhere. Not only was this the effect of the society, but it also showed Americans that all people could make a difference if joined together, not just the government, which expanded ideas of democracy. William Lloyd Garrison, among other strong abolitionists, acted as a leader in the fight for all-around equality in the United States. He dedicated his life to slavery abolition, publishing the newspaper, The Liberator and writing in it, â€Å"On this subject, I do not wish to think, to speak, or write, with moderation†¦I am in earnest – I will not equivocate – I will not excuse – I will not retreat a single inch – and I will be heard. † Not only did his words anger people enough to cause the bloody slave revolt in Virginia led by Nat Turner, but it also made abolitionists of others as well. His words inspired Frederick Douglass to publish his newspaper, North Star, at Rochester. They inspired Theodore Dwight Weld to declare an end to slavery and leave the Lane Seminary and their white society with 75 others by his side, naming themselves the â€Å"Lane Rebels. † He spent the rest of his life being a devoted member of the Ohio Antislavery Society and giving speeches throughout Ohio and Pennsylvania, encouraging the establishment of other antislavery societies. Abolitionists for women’s rights like Henry B. Stanton who was also a â€Å"Lane Rebel†, and his wife, Elizabeth Cady Stanton were also strong leaders, as well as the Grimke sisters in taking on the roles normally given to men. These powerful reformers were able to influence the population to join them in reforms, creating the sense that they could all make a difference together, and reform the republic government to a democratic one instead. With the idea of equality comes the idea of democracy, so when reform movements for slavery abolition and women’s rights began, so did the widespread belief of a new democratic government.

Collectivism Enforced by the Government

Synthesis Essay Halley Dunlop In the books, Anthem, Fahrenheit 451, Harrison Burgeon, and the movies The Hunger Games, and Wall-E, the government contains all of the people to make them equal. They strictly control the societies and allow no differences. Within all of these sources, there are certain individuals who choose to rebel against their government, but with rebellion comes the need to find yourself first. The pitfalls of the quest for equality are the lack of individuality, inability to be creative, and lack of intelligence.One of the pitfalls is the lack of Individuality. In the book, Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury, Montage finds himself following the society because that Is the way that he grew up and he believes he is happy doing it. When Montage meets a girl, Claries, she began to help him come to realize that he was unhappy and that he must become an individual. â€Å"Darkness. He wore his happiness as a mask. (peg. 91†² This quote is important because it is the f irst time that Montage questions the way he is living, and the first time that he thinks about his Individual happiness.Because Claries Is already an Individual, she has to help Montage overcome the governments' ewer of concealing his personality and help him to be himself. Also, in the book, Anthem by Any Rand, the government restricts all possible factors of being an individual. Equality attempts to showcase his invention of electricity to the council members, and they said, â€Å"What is not done collectively cannot be good. (peg. 73)† This quote is significant because it shows how council believes that any kind of individuality Is a crime.The government has drilled the idea of â€Å"we† Into the minds of their whole society to make sure they have no thoughts about themselves as individuals. In addition to the other books, Harrison Burgeon by Evensong, the government overtakes the society and forces them to wear handicaps so no one person is any better or worse than the next. This act of collectivism restricts all individuality. â€Å"She must have been extraordinarily beautiful, because the mask she wore was hideous. And It was easy to see that she was the strongest and most graceful of the dancers, for her handicap bags were as big as those worn by two- hundred-pound men. peg. 169)† This quote Is Important because It puts an image In our mind about how much the government tries to make sure that every man and woman is stripped of their own selves. Individuality is non-existent in this story because the handicaps given to the society do not allow them to have complete thoughts. The government believes that when the people have complete thoughts, they might be thinking about themselves, or how to overthrow them, or how to escape their handicaps. In all of these books, collectivism Is present In the society to make it more difficult for someone to stand out, be different, or cause someone to be jealous.Equality, Harrison, and Montage are the ones who managed to overcome the government to make a statement and ultimately find who they really are and make themselves happy. The next pitfall of the quest for equality is the inability to be creative. When the government takes away the society's individuality In Fahrenheit 451 , their ability to have creative thoughts and actions Is taken away a. â€Å"Stuff your It's more fantastic than any dream made or paid for in factories. † This quote by Montage is basically stating that people should live how they want with no regrets.It goes along with the idea of creativity because your own wonders and dreams are ways of thinking creatively. Since that is not allowed in their society, it is considered a risk, so if they are living life as if they were to die in ten seconds, it would be better to have creativity in that time instead of sitting around and watching TV and being anti- social. In addition to that example, in the book Anthem, when Equality is in the Home of the Infants, he explains how everything was plain and boring. â€Å"The sleeping halls were white and clean and bare of all things, save one-hundred beds. peg. 2)† This quote shows the reader how their society wants the children to grow up; plain and bare of all things. They do not want the wall painted colors, or the children to have toys because then they will start asking questions and that is not a part of their society. Creativity is an individual trait, and the collectivism in that book does not allow individuality. The final example of a society that inhibits creativity is in the movie, The Hunger Games by Gary Ross, based on the book by Suzanne Collins.In the movie, Catkins Evergreen is a very creative girl, which makes her stronger than the there and therefore she is frowned upon by her opponents and the government. At the end of the movie, Catkins and her partner, PETA, are the only contestants left, but only one person can win. She uses her creativity and finds a way o ut of the government's rules and makes sure they don't get their way. Catkins pulls out poisonous berries and they were to either eat them, and have no winner, or Just threaten to eat them, so they could both win.This ties in to the pitfall because in her quest for equality, she found a loophole in the restrictions on creativity, but she will eater be punished for her actions. These examples show how the lack of creativity is a major set-back in a society. The final pitfall in the quest for equality is the lack of intelligence. In Fahrenheit 451, Mildred is a good example of how uneducated someone could be, in a society with collectivism. Mildred is completely under the spell that the government has cast over the society and she constantly is forgetting things.Education and individual intelligence is not a priority in their society; therefore everyone relies on their technology. Maybe you took two pills and then forgot and took two more, and forgot again, and were so dopey you kept right on until you had thirty of forty of them in you. (peg. 17)† This quote shows how Mildred can be senseless to the point where she can't recognize when she is putting her life in danger. This is an issue because in order to find equality, one must have the brains and be able to rely on their own instincts. Also, in Anthem, intelligence is allowed to some people but not to others.Equality wants to be in the Home of the Scholars, but because he is so smart, the nuncio makes him a street sweeper which involves no intelligence at all. â€Å"We would accept of life mandate, and we would work for our brothers, gladly and willingly, and we would erase our sin against them, which they did not know, but we did. (peg. 25)† When Equality says that, he shows that he is accepting the Job that the council has given him, but he is not necessarily happy about it. He wants to expand his intelligence but he can't because the government no longer allows him to do studies.When he said, â€Å"erase our sin against them†, he is talking about the fact that he was society. The last example of how the government causes their society to lack intelligence comes from the movie Wall-E. In the movie, the move all of the people into space because the earth is no longer able to sustain human life. The captain, who is like the government but only for the spaceship, does not give the people on the ship information about earth. They are completely oblivious to the fact that Earth has been destroyed. This ties along to the other books because of how the influence of the government can make people so clueless.Hunger Games, and Wall-E, the collectivism that is enforced by the government intros and brainwashes the society. The three major pitfalls while looking for equivalence and equality are the lack of individuality, inability to be creative, and lack of intelligence. Without individuality, you cannot be creative. When you do not have creativity, you have no way of being truly intelligent. These three pitfalls cause a domino effect because without one, you cannot have the other. This is why the societies in the stories are not functioning the way they should, and is also why people are chose to disobey the government.